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Eyespot (wheat)
Eyespot is an important fungal disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungus Tapesia yallundae (syn: ''Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides''; W-type (); ''Oculimacula yallundae'') and Tapesia acuformis (syn: ''Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides''; R-type (); ''Oculimacula acuformis''). It is also called Strawbreaker. Eyespot is more severe where wheat is grown continuously and when the weather is cool and moist. Treating crops against eyespot with fungicide costs millions to farmers and is complicated by the pathogen becoming resistant to the more commonly used fungicides. Severe cases of the disease can reduce yield by up to 40%. It is most common in temperate regions such as North and South America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Africa.〔Hollmann, M. (n.d.). Eyespot of Wheat, Retrieved October 27, 2007, from ()〕
==Symptoms==
The eye-shaped elliptical lesions which give eyespot its name form on lower stem bases near to the soil surface. The lesions are straw yellow, often with black pupil-like dots in the centre, and are bordered by greenish-brown to dark-brown rings. In cases of severe infection stems are weakened at the point of infection which makes the host susceptible to lodging. This symptom is associated with the W-type (Oculimacula yallundae). Alternatively in other cases of severe infection the nutrient and water supply to the plant is disturbed, resulting in low quality grain and whitehead production due to early maturation. This is associated with the R-type (Oculimacula acuformis) 〔〔Prescott, J.M., Burnett, P.A., Saari, E.E., Ranson, J., Bowman, J., Milliano, W., Singh, R.P., & Bekele, B. (n.d.). Wheat Disease and Pests: a guide for field identification. Retrieved November 2, 2007, from ()〕
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